Frozen elephant trunk: a narrative review of global and temporal trends

The frozen elephant trunk (FET) repair has transitioned from a niche procedure to a widely adopted strategy across Asia, Europe, and North America. Multicenter registries demonstrate improving early outcomes over time, consistent with learning curve effects. Regional differences persist in case mix, device availability, and utilization. No study has systematically measured these regional differences. We aim to describe the history, evolution, and current landscape of FET worldwide.