Immunosuppression after lung transplantation: the search for the holy grail continues

Immunosuppressive (IS) therapy after lung transplantation (LTx) remains a matter of controversy. Treatment regimens and concepts vary significantly between centers worldwide. Although there is a broad consensus on a triple IS therapy, protocols differ by the preferred calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) [cyclosporine A (CsA) vs. tacrolimus], cell cycle inhibitor [mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs. azathioprine] and induction therapy (basiliximab, ATG, alemtuzumab, no induction).