The alteration of T790M between 19 del and L858R in NSCLC in the course of EGFR-TKIs therapy: a literature-based pooled analysis
Original Article

The alteration of T790M between 19 del and L858R in NSCLC in the course of EGFR-TKIs therapy: a literature-based pooled analysis

Hengrui Liang1,2, Zhenkui Pan3, Wei Wang1, Chengye Guo3, Difei Chen1,2, Jianrong Zhang1, Yiyin Zhang1,2, Shiyan Tang1,2, Jianxing He1, Wenhua Liang1; written on behalf of AME Lung Cancer Cooperative Group

1Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China;2Nanshan School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China;3Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: All authors; (II) Administrative support: J He; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: W Liang; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: H Liang, D Chen; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: H Liang, W Liang; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Jianxing He; Wenhua Liang. Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China. Email: drjianxing.he@gmail.com; liangwh1987@163.com.

Background: Treatment-naive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation is more inclined to coexist with L858R than with 19 del in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) might alter this status. We sought to compare the prevalence of T790M upon acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs between 19 del and L858R by assembling all existing data.

Methods: Electronic databases were comprehensively searched for eligible studies. The primary endpoint was the odds ratio (OR) of T790M mutation in NSCLC co-existing with L858R mutation and 19 del upon resistance to first-generation EGFR-TKIs. A random effects model was used. Stratified analysis was performed based on study type (retrospective and prospective), race (Asians and Caucasians) and sample type (tissue and plasma).

Results: A total of 25 studies involving 1,770 patients were included. The overall T790M existent rate was 45.25%. Post-resistance T790M was more frequent in 19 del than in L858R mutated patients (53% vs. 36%; OR 1.87; P<0.001). All outcomes of subgroup and overall analyses were similar. In contrast, we re-analyzed the previous meta-analysis, finding that the pooled rate of pretreatment T790M was 14% and 22% in 19 del and L858R respectively (OR 0.59; P<0.001). The increase of T790M rate was 2.79-fold in 19 del and only 0.63-fold in L858R in the course of EGFR-TKIs therapy.

Conclusions: Opposite to the situation of de novo T790M, it was observed that T790M was more frequent in exon 19 deletion than in L858R among patients with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. The difference in T790M alteration between 19 del and L858R encourages development of detection or treatment strategies for the specific resistance mechanism.

Keywords: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); T790M; L858R; exon 19 deletions; epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

Submitted Dec 04, 2017. Accepted for publication Mar 23, 2018.

doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.03.150

Introduction

Major advances in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the last decade have arisen from the recognition that specific genetic alterations define subsets of NSCLC (1). Activating mutations in the gene which encode the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein are the most extensively studied and present in 10–20% of Caucasian NSCLC cases, and 30–50% of Asian NSCLC cases (2). The most therapeutic-relevant mutations are 19 del (exon 19 deletions) and L858R mutation. Together, the two sensitive mutations occupy over 80% of EGFR mutations in NSCLC (3).

EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have proven fantastic response rates and more acceptable toxicity profiles compared to traditional standard chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutations (exons 19 and 21) (4). Unfortunately, most patients with NSCLC develop acquired resistance to TKIs and experience disease progression within 12 months after the initiation of TKI therapy (5). The secondary mutation in exon 20, T790M, detected in approximately 50% of re-biopsy samples after TKI therapy, is regarded as the most common cause of acquired resistance to TKIs (6). Exon 20 insertions account for 4–9% of all EGFR mutant lung tumors before receiving TKIs, which have been shown to confer resistance to subsequent TKI therapy (7). However, if T790M mutations are selected from de novo T790M mutation in TKI-naïve patients as a minor clone or are acquired during TKIs therapy remains debated (8). Recently, the FLURUA study indicated the third generation TKI, Osimertinib, showed efficacy superior to that of standard first-generation EGFR-TKIs in the first-line treatment of EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC, with a similar safety profile and lower rates of serious adverse events.

A previous meta-analysis suggested that T790M mutation is more inclined to coexist with L858R than with 19 del in NSCLC patients pre-TKIs [odds ratio (OR), 1.65; 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), 1.17 to 2.32], which might be one of the reasons that 19 del was related to a better outcome than L858R with TKIs (9). However, TKIs might alter this status due to differing sensitivities of these mutations to drugs and dynamic changes associated with secondary mutations or sub-clone selection (10). To study the mechanism of resistance to TKIs in NSCLC patients and thus to develop novel treatment and rational therapy strategies, information on tumor characteristics throughout the course of the disease and therapy is essential. We sought to compare the prevalence of T790M between 19 del and L858R upon acquired resistance to TKIs by assembling all existing data.

Methods

Literature search and selection

A systematic and comprehensive literature search of online databases PubMed, Web of Science, Medline and Cochrane library was performed to identify observational studies and RCTs conducted before July 2017 that examined studies on T790M mutation for NSCLC patients.

Several terms and their variants were used, including EGFR, T790M, lung cancer, NSCLC, TKIs, and resistance. The references of identified papers, previously published systematic reviews, and meta-analysis were inspected to identify studies not included by the initial search.

We reviewed all searched results according to the PRISMA statement (11). The selection of original studies was based on the process of viewing titles, abstracts and full papers. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (I) studies that focused on patients with NSCLC; (II) data regarding 19 del and L858R with or without T790M mutations after TKIs treatment. Review articles, abstracts, case reports, editorials, and letters were excluded.

Data extraction and quality assessment

All data were recorded independently by two researchers (HR Liang and DF Chen). Any conflict was resolved by the third researcher (WH Liang). For the selected studies, information on all available variables was extracted and entered into a Microsoft Excel database. The numbers of 19 del and L858R with or without T790M mutations were extracted to compute the co-existing rate. Patients with co-existing L858R and 19 del mutations were excluded. Original data from previous meta-analysis were also extracted and re-analyzed to explore the mechanism of drug resistance during TKI therapy (9). We performed subgroup analyses according to the study design, population race, and sample types. Quality of each paper was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool (12). Any disagreement was resolved via discussion amongst the authors.

Statistical analysis

OR with its 95% CIs were computed to compare the prevalence of T790M between 19 del and L858R. We used Cochran’s I2 test and X2 to examine the heterogeneity among included studies. Statistical heterogeneity among studies was defined as I2 statistic greater than 50% (13). Random effects model was preferred owing to the heterogeneity among studies (14). Single-arm and re-analysis were also performed to evaluate the co-existence of T790M with 19 del or L858R in our study and previous meta-analysis. Statistical significance was settled as two-sided P<0.05. The analysis was conducted with STATA 12.0.

Results

Study selection and quality assessment

A total of 643 records were screened from the previously mentioned online databases with the search cutoff of June 30th 2017. After excluding duplicates, a manual search and inspection of the reference lists and existing reviews identified 23 additional relevant studies. Further review according to inclusion criteria led to the final selection of the 25 papers considered in this analysis (Figure 1) (10,15-38). The contextual details and the results of the quality assessment of each study were summarized in Tables 1,2. The detailed quality score of each enrolled study is shown in the Table S1 (quality score of each enrolled study).

Figure 1 Flow diagram detailing the search strategy and identification of studies used in meta-analysis.
Table 1
Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies in the meta-analysis
Full table
Table 2
Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies in the meta-analysis
Full table
Table S1
Table S1 Quality score of each enrolled study
Full table

The studies were conducted in 7 different countries and the period ranged from 2010 to 2017. Ten articles were prospective studies and the others were retrospective. A total of 25 studies involving a total of 1,770 patients were included. The overall T790M detection rate of post-TKIs was 45.25%. All studies gained 8 to 10 stars in study quality assessment on a scale of 0 to 10.

Primary outcome

In single-arm synthesis, the co-existence rate of T790M was 53% (95% CI, 47% to 59%) and 36% (95% CI, 30% to 42%) in 19 del and L858R, respectively. Post-TKIs T790M was significantly more frequently co-existing with 19 del than L858R mutated patients (OR 1.87; 95% CI, 1.38 to 2.54; P<0.001). Statistical heterogeneity was moderate among studies (I2 =42.6; P=0.014) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Forest plot for pooled estimation of the co-existence rate of T790M between 19 del and L858R.

Subgroup analysis

We performed subgroup analysis stratified by the study design, population race and sample types. The relative effects were consistently significant in most subgroups except in Caucasians (OR 1.48; P=0.244) and in studies using plasma (OR 1.68; P=0.062), but the trend remained the same. No significant heterogeneity was found among studies in any of the subgroups (Table 3).

Table 3
Table 3 Outcomes of subgroup analysis
Full table

Comparison with the previous meta-analysis

We re-analyzed the previous meta-analysis and made a single-arm meta-analysis (9), finding that the pooled rate of pre-TKIs T790M was 14% (95% CI, 10% to 17%) and 22% (95% CI, 16% to 27%) in 19 del and L858R respectively. Pre-TKIs T790M was significantly less frequently co-existing with 19 del than L858R mutated patients (OR 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.80; P<0.001) with no heterogeneity (I2 =0; P=0.788), while the co-existing rate of T790M mutation became 53% (95% CI, 47% to 59%) and 36% (95% CI, 30% to 42%) in 19 del and L858R after TKI resistance in our pooled analysis. The increase of the T790M co-existing rate was 2.79-fold in 19 del but only 0.63-fold in L858R (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Alternation of T790M prevalence between 19 del and L858R in the course of TKIs therapy (9). TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Discussion

Newly acquired resistance in sensitive EGFR mutation positive NSCLC patients after first-generation TKI therapy is a tough problem. The T790M mutation can be detected in nearly 50% patients at time of acquiring TKI-resistance (39). The results of a previous meta-analysis reported that pre-TKIs T790M is less frequent in patients harboring 19 del compared to those carrying the L858R mutation (14% vs. 22%; OR 0.59; P<0.001) (9). The trend of our study differed from the previous study in that T790M was more frequent in exon 19 deletion than in L858R among patients with acquired resistance to TKIs (53% vs. 36%; OR 1.87; P<0.001). In subgroup analyses by study design, sample size and race, we found results were similar to overall analyses.

Much debate exists regarding the “selection” or “acquisition” of the T790M mutation formation process. This mutation was initially thought to be acquired only after exposure to TKIs because T790M was lacking in pre-progression samples. However, T790M has been identified in TKI treatment-naive NSCLC samples using standard sequencing methods, which indicated T790M is a common mutation in some TKI-naive tumors, and this alteration are picked by following TKI treatment (40). One of the interpretations to explain the “reversal” of T790M prevalence between 19 del and L858R in the course of TKI therapy might be patients with 19 del mutation are more sensitive to TKIs (41), thus the sub-clone of T790M mutation in 19 del patients are more likely to be selected and enriched.

The median survival of late stage NSCLC patients is less than 2 years after the emergence of T790M mutation (42). Recently, third-generation TKIs, such as AZD9291 (Osimertinib), have emerged as a potential therapeutic option to fight against the EGFR T790M-positive tumors (43). However, there is a great number of patients harboring the T790M mutation that are either unavailable to re-biopsy or of which the mutation has not been detected and thus unable to receive these treatments. Besides, the sensitivity of plasma detection is not satisfactory, thus these patients who are detected as negative T790M mutation via plasma may be also potentially benefited from Osimertinib. Our study suggested that patients harboring the 19 del mutation may be more likely to gain profit from Osimertinib than those with L858R if they attempt treatment when it is not clearly indicated.

Even so, there is still a subset of patients who will receive repeat first-generation TKIs as salvage treatment after initial failure. To date, no satisfying biomarkers have been found to indicate which patients may receive benefit from the continuation of first-generation TKI therapy. One study found that T790M positive patients had better prognosis with both longer PFS and OS than those without the mutation, and, therefore, claimed patients with acquired T790M mutation at the time of progression may benefit more from TKI re-challenge (30). But another study reported that survival outcomes of secondary TKIs did not differ significantly between T790M-positive and T790M-negative groups; this indicated that T790M might not predict the clinical outcomes in first-generation TKI re-challenge (16). These findings suggested there is heterogeneity in predictive effect on TKI therapy and a difference in the prognosis of 19 del and L858R patients. TKIs are more effective in 19 del patients, and our pooled analysis observed the acquired resistance as a result of the T790M mutation is more likely attributed to 19 del than L858R. Thus, we speculate that it might be the proportion of L858R-T790M mutation, not the T790M mutation alone, that could predict the outcome of first generation TKI re-challenge and suppose the continuation of first-generation TKIs in patients harboring 19 del might be less recommended.

In addition, different prognostic effects were observed in pre- and post-TKI T790M positive NSCLC patients. A meta–analysis demonstrated that pre-TKI T790M positive NSCLC patients were associated with a worse outcome in either PFS or OS, while newly acquired T790M mutation after TKI therapy seemed to be a good prognostic factor (44). Another meta-analysis also linked the pre-TKI T790M mutation with a negative impact on the PFS for NSCLC patients (45). The worse outcomes correlated with the assumption that pre-TKI T790M mutation might be a result of the decreased sensitivity of T790M positive cell to TKIs, while the better prognosis of T790M positive patients after TKI therapy could be explained by the indolent biologic behaviors of T790M positive cells (46). There is evidence that patients who had exon 19 deletions had statistically significant longer PFS than those with L858R(47). Our study suggested that the proportion of patients with coexisting 19del and T790M mutations might obtain better survival.

We acknowledge several limitations to our study. First, not all of the included studies were prospective randomized comparisons, which increase the risk of potential selection and reporting bias. Second, though moderate, heterogeneity among studies (I2 =42.6; P=0.014) still existed. Different baseline characteristics, differing sensitivities of detection methods, and small populations in each study might explain the heterogeneity. Third, the data we used are based on the published literature rather than primary data as we were unable obtain unpublished data. Last, though we observed more T790M mutations co-existing with 19 del post-TKIs, we do not know the state of T790M abundance in 19 del and L858R.

Conclusions

Unlike the situation of de novo T790M, an opposite trend that T790M was more frequent in exon 19 deletion than in L858R among TKI acquired resistance patients was observed. The resistance lead by T790M mutation is more likely attributed to 19 del than L858R, which indicated that re-challenge of first-generation TKIs may be less recommended in patients harboring 19 del. Our study also suggested that patients who harbored 19 del mutation may be more likely to gain profit from Osimertinib than those with L858R if they attempt treatment when it is not clearly indicated. In all, our results encouraged developing detection or treatment strategies in L858R and 19 del patients, respectively, for the specific resistance mechanism.

Acknowledgements

We thank Lindsey Hamblin for assistance with the language revision.

Funding: This work was supported by the following funding:

Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 81501996); Guangdong Doctoral Launching Program (Grant No. 2014A030310460); Doctoral Launching Program of Guangzhou Medical University (Grant No. 2014C27);

Footnote

Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Cite this article as: Liang H, Pan Z, Wang W, Guo C, Chen D, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Tang S, He J, Liang W; written on behalf of AME Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. The alteration of T790M between 19 del and L858R in NSCLC in the course of EGFR-TKIs therapy: a literature-based pooled analysis. J Thorac Dis 2018;10(4):2311-2320. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.03.150

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