The evolution of mechanical circulatory support (MCS): a new wave of developments in MCS and heart failure treatment

Cardiovascular diseases and heart failure (HF) remain one of the major causes of worldwide mortality. According to the American Heart Association, 85.6 million adults in the US suffer from cardiovascular diseases, out of which 5.7 million are living with HF (1). Decades of dedicated efforts on clinical as well as technological aspects of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices have led to their widespread success and acceptance for the treatment of advanced HF.