Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage repair: redefining the long-term expectations

Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) is a rare congenital heart anomaly that comprises approximately 1.5% of all congenital heart disease (CHD) (1). This condition may exist in isolation or associated with other complex congenital defects including heterotaxy and a univentricular circulation. Since the first surgical attempt to correct TAPVD reported in 1951 (2), changes in perioperative management and surgical strategy has led to improved outcomes.