Paclitaxel for treatment of advanced small cell lung cancer (SCLC): a retrospective study of 185 patients

Introduction

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 12–15% of all lung cancer cases worldwide and is among the most common causes of cancer-related mortality. SCLC is an aggressive tumor that frequently develops widespread metastases early, resulting in a dismal prognosis with a median overall survival (OS) of <10 months in patients with extensive disease (ED) and a 5-year OS rate of 1–5% (1). First-line treatment for ED-SCLC patients usually comprises a combination of etoposide and platinum-based chemotherapy, which has a high overall response rate (ORR) of up to 70% (1). However, the rapid development of chemoresistance in SCLC tumors will inevitably cause relapse, and alternative systemic therapies have to be exploited. For second-line treatment, topotecan monotherapy has been approved after a randomized phase III trial showed a survival benefit compared with best supportive care (2). In addition, drugs like vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, amrubicin, gemcitabine and trofosfamide in monotherapy or in combination regimens can be administered upon progression.

About 20% to 30% of SCLC patients are treated with a third-line therapy, and approximately one-third of these patients will proceed to a fourth line of systemic treatment (3-9). However, information on prognostic factors and the efficacies of different treatments in such advanced therapy lines is scarce. Clinical trial phase III data are not available for patients who have undergone three or more lines of therapy. Moreover, only few retrospective studies have addressed the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in advanced treatment lines, analyzing less than 40 patients in third or higher chemotherapy lines (4,7-14), with some exceptions (3,6,15). These studies investigated several chemotherapeutic regimens, again decreasing the number of patients analyzed with respect to individual therapies. Several reports identified prognostic factors for progression-free survival (PFS) or OS of SCLC patients in advanced lines of chemotherapy, mainly in third-line chemotherapy. A significant prognostic value of the patient’s performance status (PS) was observed in different studies (5,6,15). Furthermore, the type and duration of tumor response to second-line therapy appears to be prognostic for outcome of third-line treatment (6-8). A prognostic value has also been attributed to factors such as liver metastasis, body mass index as well as levels of lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein and hemoglobin (5,7,8,15).

Paclitaxel belongs to the family of taxanes and interferes with cell division by stabilizing microtubules (16,17). In SCLC patients, it is widely used in single-agent or in combination therapy. Frontline paclitaxel monotherapy achieves response rates (RRs) ranging from 33% to 53% (18-20). Two phase II trials reported RRs between 24 and 29% with paclitaxel monotherapy in pretreated SCLC (21,22). A recent retrospective analysis reported a RR of 24% in 34 patients who received paclitaxel in monotherapy or in combination with platinum agents as third line (5).

Here, we report our observations in 185 heavily pretreated SCLC patients who received paclitaxel monotherapy in our institution and discuss implementations into clinical practice to aid in this difficult therapeutic situation.

Methods

Patient selection and clinical data

In this retrospective study, we evaluated SCLC patients who received paclitaxel monotherapy in our institution between 2005 and 2015. Patients were excluded in case of histologically and/or cytologically ambiguously classifiable SCLC, especially mixed bronchial tumors, simultaneous secondary tumors, or malignant tumors within 5 years prior to SCLC diagnosis. Patients were also excluded from the analysis if treatment was carried out in other hospitals and diagnostic or therapeutic courses were not fully available (Figure 1). Clinical data were collected through a review of patient records.

Figure 1 Patient selection criteria of patients included in this study. 220 patients treated with paclitaxel at Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital between 2005 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. In total, 35 patients were excluded either due to mixed histology, insufficient data availability or presence of another primary tumor. 185 patients were eligible for analysis. SCLC, small cell lung cancer.

The following patient data were collected: gender, age, ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) PS, number of pack years, and date of death. Tumor characteristics included stage at initial diagnosis and at start of paclitaxel therapy, as well as number and location of metastases at paclitaxel initiation. Tumor stage was classified as limited disease (LD) and ED according to the classification of the Veterans Administration Lung Study Group (23).

Regarding paclitaxel therapy, the following parameters were included: number of cycles, start and stop date, number of line in which paclitaxel was given, dose reductions, and dose delays.

Toxicities documented in the medical records during and after paclitaxel medication were assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, version 5.0).

Evaluation of response and survival

Response to paclitaxel was evaluated according to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) with cross-sectional imaging studies every 6 to 8 weeks (24). In case of clinical signs of progression, scans were performed earlier.

PFS was defined as the time from the first dose of paclitaxel to documented disease progression or death, whichever occurred first. If the date of disease progression was unknown, PFS was calculated using the date of death or last follow-up visit and patients were censored. A similar analysis was conducted to determine OS.

Time to progression (TTP) was defined as interval between the last day of previous chemotherapy just before paclitaxel and the day of disease progression.

Statistical analysis

The effect of quantitative (e.g., gender) and continuous (age and pack years) parameters on survival (PFS, OS) was analyzed according to Kaplan Meier with a log-rank test or using Cox regression, respectively. Variables with significant effect in univariable testing were then also included in multivariable Cox regression analyses for OS and PFS. Categorical variables were compared with a Chi-Square test. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS Statistics 24 software (IBM Corporation, New York, USA).

Results

Patient baseline characteristics

Among 220 patients treated with paclitaxel in our institution between 2005 and 2015, we identified 185 patients eligible for analysis according to the above-mentioned criteria. Figure 1 shows the exclusion criteria of the 35 patients that were not analyzed; relevant patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Patient characteristics (N=185)
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The median age of patients at initiation of paclitaxel therapy was 65 years (range, 38–87 years). About two-thirds of the patients were men (119 cases, 64%). Sixty-six percent of patients had ECOG PS 1, 21% had ECOG PS 2, and 14% ECOG PS 0. The majority of patients had a history of smoking (93%), of which 42% were active smokers at the time of SCLC diagnosis. About half of the patients had initially been diagnosed with LD (49%), but at time of paclitaxel initiation, the proportion of patients with ED had increased to 91%. Sixty-three percent of these patients had metastases in more than one organ. The distribution of metastases in brain, liver and other sites is shown in Table 1. Patients had been treated with at least two and up to seven lines of chemotherapy (four lines of therapy in average). The majority of them had received platinum-based chemotherapy in the first line (94%), followed by topotecan in the second line (81%). One hundred seventy-three patients (94%) received third-line therapy, and 128 patients (69%) a fourth line of treatment. Thirty-six patients (19%) received more than four lines of therapy. An overview of therapy lines is shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Lines of chemotherapy*
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Paclitaxel: time and dose of drug delivery

Paclitaxel was mainly given as a fourth-line (48%) or third-line therapy (33%). Time points of paclitaxel therapy are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Characteristics of paclitaxel therapy (N=185)
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Of 185 patients, 134 (72%) received paclitaxel at the dose of 175 mg/m² every three weeks. Paclitaxel was dosed as recommended by the NCCN guidelines, based on a previous trial indicating a survival benefit in SCLC patients (21). Dose reductions were required in 51 patients: in 22 patients (12%), the paclitaxel dose was reduced by less than 25%, in 29 patients (16%), by 25% and more.

The majority of patients with paclitaxel dose adjustment (46 patients, 90%) received the reduced dose already in the first cycle due to adverse events in previous lines, mostly severe hematotoxicity (in 28 cases, 61%). Moreover, 4 patients (8%) had previously experienced cardiac problems and in 5 patients (11%) the paclitaxel dose was adjusted prophylactically, as the patients’ general condition had significantly deteriorated under previous therapy. Other reasons for dose modifications are listed in Table 3.

Toxicity

Side effects documented in the medical records during and after paclitaxel medication were predominantly grade 1 or 2. Toxicities and grading are displayed for all patients in Table 4 and stratified according to ECOG PS in Table S1. Adverse events of any grade occurred in 58% of patients, grade 3/4 events were documented in 15% of patients. The most frequent complication after paclitaxel administration was fatigue in 46 patients (25% of cases for all grades; 5% for grades 3 and 4). The most frequent grade 3/4 adverse event was hematotoxicity (9%), predominantly with leukocytopenia grade 3/4 in 7 cases (4%). Polyneuropathy of all grades was newly diagnosed in 32 of 185 patients (17%), 3 patients (1.5%) had a grade 3/4 polyneuropathy. Twenty-two patients (12%) reported polyneuropathy from previous cytostatic therapy lines, in three of which neuropathy increased during paclitaxel treatment.

Table 4 Toxicities during paclitaxel therapy
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Table S1 Toxicities during paclitaxel therapy in ECOG PS 2 vs. ECOG PS 0–1 patients
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Arthralgia and myalgia were reported in 28 patients (15% for all grades, 1.5% grade 3/4). Twenty-five patients (13.5% for all grades; 3% grade 3/4) experienced nausea and vomiting. Allergic reactions with exanthema were documented in 6 patients (3%), 1 of them (0.5%) with a grade 3/4 reaction. An increase in serum transaminases exceeding twice the upper normal limit was observed in 7 patients (4% for all grades; 1% grade 3/4). No fatal toxicities were documented.

No toxicities were documented in 11 cases (6%), as patients had been transferred to external hospitals or palliative wards due to deterioration of their general condition or disease progression.

Toxicity rates were comparable in patients with ECOG PS 0–1 and ECOG PS 2 (Table S1). In rare cases, slight numerical differences were observed, such as 4% vs. 9% for ECOG PS 0–1 vs. ECOG PS 2 for fatigue grade 3/4, but these were not statistically significant (P=0.31 with a Chi-square test).

Efficacy of paclitaxel treatment

In total, therapeutic response could be assessed in 132 (71%) of the 185 paclitaxel-treated patients. Thirty-one patients (17%) achieved partial remission (PR) as “best response” to paclitaxel therapy, irrespectively of the therapy line (Table 5). In addition, 21 patients (11%) had stable disease (SD), resulting in a disease control rate (DCR) of 28%. A discordant tumor response to paclitaxel was observed in 8 patients (4%). 39% of patients not respond to paclitaxel therapy, i.e., had progressive disease (PD). Complete remission was not observed.

Table 5 Efficacy of paclitaxel therapy
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The response appears to depend on the applied paclitaxel dose (Table S2), as patients receiving the full dose (n=134; 72% of all patients) achieved PR in 25 cases (19%) and SD in 18 cases (13%), reflecting a DCR of 32%. In contrast, among the patients with paclitaxel dose reductions, the DCR was only 18%, with PR in 6 patients (12%) and SD in 3 patients (6%). Thirty-seven percent of these patients did not respond at all (PD) and in another 37%, staging was not possible.

Table S2 Response according to dose of paclitaxel therapy
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Tumor response was independent of the therapy line of paclitaxel treatment (Table 5), which was most frequently the third (n=61) or fourth line (n=89). In these therapy lines, PR and disease control were observed in about 15% and 25% of patients, respectively. Similarly, paclitaxel treatment in the second (n=12) and fifth plus sixth therapy line (n=23) resulted in PR in 25% and 22% of patients, respectively (Table 5).

Median TTP just before paclitaxel therapy was 22.5 days for all paclitaxel-treated patients. There was no correlation between TTP and disease control (TTP 50 vs. 34 days for patients achieving disease control or not, P=0.10 with a t-test).

In 53 patients (29%), tumor response was not radiologically evaluated because the patients´ clinical condition deteriorated and/or they died prematurely, precluding further imaging studies. These patients were not included in response evaluation. Overrepresented among them were cases with ECOG PS 2 (21/38 of ECOP PS 2 cases vs. 32/147 ECOG PS 0–1 cases, P<0.01), while age and timing of paclitaxel therapy were not associated with clinical deterioration leading to omission of restaging. Metastatic status was only associated with clinical deterioration in case of both hepatic and cerebral metastases in patients with ECOG PS 2 (P=0.011). However, the entire patient subset with ECOG PS 2 showed a DCR of 29% (Table S3), which was comparable with the DCR of 28% observed in the entire cohort (Table 5). A detailed response pattern in patients with ECOG PS 2 is displayed in Table S3.

Table S3 Efficacy of paclitaxel therapy in patients with ECOG PS 2
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Predictive and prognostic factors for paclitaxel therapy

All patients were followed-up for at least 12 months. Median PFS was 1.6 months (95% CI: 1.4–1.8; range 0.1–10.0) (Figure 2A). In univariate analysis, dose reduction of ≥25% was associated with a significantly shorter median PFS compared to the recommended paclitaxel dose [1.4 (95% CI: 1.3–1.5) vs. 1.9 (1.5–2.3) months; P=0.004] (Figure 2B). There was no significant (P=0.12) association between gender and PFS, however, significantly more female patients received a reduced paclitaxel dose (38% females vs. 22% males, P=0.021 with a Chi-Square test), which itself was an unfavorable factor and expected to obscure a potentially beneficial effect of gender per se. Age was also predictive for PFS (HR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–0.998, P=0.03), while pack years, PS and timing of paclitaxel therapy were not associated with PFS. Also, the number of metastatic sites did not affect PFS, however, the location of metastases did have a statistically significant impact on PFS (P=0.03), as without hepatic and cerebral metastases, the median PFS was 2.2 (95% CI: 1.5–2.9) months, while in case of both cerebral and hepatic metastases, it was only 1.5 (1.1–1.9) months. Gender, age, dose reduction, and presence of both hepatic and cerebral metastases were retained as independent predictive factors for PFS in a multivariable analysis (Table 6).

Figure 2 Progression-free survival (PFS) of paclitaxel-treated patients. (A) Kaplan Meier PFS analysis of all paclitaxel-treated SCLC patients (n=185, median PFS =1.6 months); (B) stratification according to administered paclitaxel dose: median PFS =1.9 vs. 1.6 vs. 1.4 months for full dose vs. dose reduction <25% vs. dose reduction ≥25%; log rank-test for trend P=0.013).

Table 6 Results of multivariate Cox regression analysis
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Median OS was 3.3 months (95% CI: 2.8–3.9; range 0.1–25.7) (Figure 3A). Significant factors for OS obtained from univariate analysis were PS [ECOG PS 0–1 vs. ECOG PS 2, 3.8 (95% CI: 3.0–4.6) vs. 2.5 (1.4–3.5) months; P=0.002] (Figure 3B), number of metastatic sites [no metastatic sites vs. metastases in 1 organ system vs. metastases in >1 organ systems; 5.7 (95% CI 4.5–6.8) vs. 4.4 (3.0–5.9) vs. 3.1 (2.7–3.6) months; P=0.038] (Figure 3C), presence of cerebral and/or hepatic metastases [non-cerebral/non-hepatic 4.7 months (95% CI: 3.4–6.1) vs. hepatic 3.3 months (2.2–4.4) (P=0.008) vs. cerebral 3.3 months (2.6–4.0) (P=0.047) vs. both 2.1 months (1.1–3.1) (P<0.001)] (Figure 3D). Other metastatic sites did not have a significant impact on survival (data not shown). Since patients with hepatic and cerebral metastases appeared to have a similar outcome, they were grouped together in subsequent analyses.

Figure 3 Overall survival (OS) of paclitaxel-treated patients. (A) Kaplan Meier OS analysis of all paclitaxel-treated patients in this study (n=185, median OS =3.3 months); (B) stratification according to ECOG performance status (3.8 vs. 2.5 months for ECOG PS 0-1 vs. ECOG PS 2; P=0.002; (C) stratification according to number of metastatic sites (5.7 vs. 4.4 vs. 3.1 months for no metastatic sites vs. metastases in 1 organ system vs. metastases in >1 organ system; P=0.038); (D) presence of cerebral and/or hepatic metastases [4.7 vs. 3.3 vs. 3.3 vs. 2.1 months for non-cerebral/non-hepatic vs. hepatic (P=0.008) vs. cerebral (P=0.047) vs. both (P<0.001)]; (E) stratification according to administered paclitaxel dose (3.9 vs. 2.5 months for full dose vs. dose reduction ≥25%; P=0.004); and (F) stratification according to timing of paclitaxel therapy (3.1 vs. 3.4 vs. 3.3 vs. 3.8 months for 2nd-line vs. 3rd-line vs. 4th-line vs. 5th-line and 6th-line; P=0.86).

Further prognostic factors for OS were dose reduction [no dose reduction vs. dose reduction ≥25%, 3.9 (95% CI: 2.9–4.8) vs. 2.5 (1.6–3.3) months, P=0.004] (Figure 3E), response [DC vs. PD/discordant response vs. no staging, 6.4 (95% CI: 5.4–7.4) vs. 3.8 (3.0–4.6) vs. 1.5 (1.1–1.9) months; P<0.001] (Figure S1A), and the degree of tobacco exposure (pack years) (HR 1.007, 95% CI: 1.001–1.013, P=0.025). Response as a prognostic factor was further analyzed according to ECOG PS (Figure S1B,C). Since patients with ECOG PS 0–1 represent the majority of the study population, results regarding this sub-population were comparable to those of the entire population [DC vs. PD/discordant response vs. no staging, 7 (95% CI: 5.8–8.2) vs. 3.9 (3.1–4.7) vs. 1.7 (1.4–1.9) months; P<0.001] (Figure S1B). As expected, survival rates were lower in patients with ECOG PS 2 [DC vs. PD/discordant response vs. no staging, 4.5 (95% CI: 3.9–5.1) vs. 3.2 (2.3–4.2) vs. 0.9 (0.7–1.2) months; P<0.001], however, response to paclitaxel treatment significantly increased OS also in this especially fragile population (DC vs. PD/discordant, 4.5 vs. 3.2 months: P=0.034) (Figure S1C). Gender, age and timing of paclitaxel therapy (Figure 3F) were not associated with OS.

Figure S1 Kaplan Meier overall survival of paclitaxel-treated patients in this study, stratification according to response under paclitaxel therapy for (A) all paclitaxel-treated patients (6.4 vs. 3.8 vs. 1.5 months for DC vs. PD/discordant response vs. no staging; P<0.001), (B) paclitaxel-treated patients with ECOG PS 0-1 (7 vs. 3.9 vs. 1.7 months for DC vs. PD/discordant response vs. no staging, P<0.001; OS was 3.8 months for the entire ECOG PS 0-1 population, Figure 3B) and (C) paclitaxel-treated patients with ECOG PS 2 (4.5 vs. 3.2 vs. 0.9 months for DC vs. PD/discordant response vs. no staging, P<0.001; DC vs. PD/discordant: P=0.039; OS was 2.5 months for the entire ECOG PS 2 population, Figure 3B).

PS, presence of cerebral and hepatic metastases, dose reduction ≥25%, response to paclitaxel therapy and pack years were identified as independent prognostic factors for OS in a multivariable analysis (Table 6).

Overall, patients that achieved disease control under paclitaxel treatment (28%) had a substantial survival benefit with a PFS gain of 2.6 months [4 (95% CI: 2.7–5.3) vs. 1.4 (1.36–1.44) months; P<0.001] and an OS gain of 3.7 months [6.4 (95% CI: 5.4–7.4) vs. 2.7 (2.3–3.1) months, P≤0.001], compared to the rest of patients.

Discussion

Several studies have retrospectively investigated cohorts of SCLC patients with respect to prognostic factors of first- and second-line therapy, and a few reports have analyzed more advanced treatment lines. However, since there is a lack of clinical standards for progressed SCLC, it is crucial to gain more insight into efficacies and prognostic factors of systemic therapies for advanced treatment of recurrent disease in a real-life setting.

Here, clinical data of 185 SCLC patients who received single-agent paclitaxel therapy were analyzed retrospectively. To our knowledge, this is the largest number of patients reported in a retrospective analysis of paclitaxel therapy in SCLC. Most patients received paclitaxel as a third- or fourth-line therapy. Taking into account all patients, paclitaxel monotherapy resulted in a DCR of 28%, with 17% of patients displaying PR and 11% SD. In the patient population that was treated with the full dose of paclitaxel (n=130), a DCR of 32% was observed. The median PFS starting from paclitaxel initiation was 1.6 months and the median OS was 3.3 months. Paclitaxel responders had a longer median OS (6.4 months) compared to patients with paclitaxel-resistant tumors (3.8 months). Prospective phase II studies investigating paclitaxel therapy in SCLC patients receiving second- and third-line treatment have reported RRs between 24% and 29% and an OS from 3.3 to 5.8 months; a retrospective analysis with 40 patients receiving paclitaxel as third-line therapy described an RR of 23.5% and an OS of 5.9 months (5,21,22). Compared to these studies, the population in our analysis had lower RRs and OS. Since this study is based on a retrospective analysis of real-world data, it is likely that fewer patients were excluded from paclitaxel therapy compared with highly preselected populations enrolled in prospective trials.

In 29% of the patients, tumor response could not be evaluated radiologically due to the patients’ clinical condition and/or premature death. While there was a significant correlation between ECOG PS 2 and clinical deterioration, there was no correlation between disease control and ECOG PS. No significant association could be detected between TTP and disease control. Since disease control itself is significantly associated with OS of paclitaxel-treated patients (Figure S1A), TTP should not be used for excluding pretreated patients for paclitaxel therapy. Thirty percent of our patients did not receive paclitaxel at the full dose, which was associated with a decline in PFS and OS (Figures 2B,3E). There was no significant correlation between ECOG PS and PFS, suggesting that the impaired outcome is not due to a generally poorer condition of patients with paclitaxel dose reduction. Instead, dose reductions were mainly determined by the high occurrence of severe hematotoxicities in previous therapy lines, which is particularly important given that paclitaxel is applied in rather advanced lines of SCLC therapy. Considering these observations, a reduction in paclitaxel dose should be avoided if possible, as intensification of supportive therapy (e.g., granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) may enable paclitaxel therapy at full dose.

In line with previous reports, we found that survival rates were significantly lower in SCLC patients with distant metastases in multiple organs systems in univariate analysis (P=0.038) (Figure 3C) (25,26). With respect to PFS, however, our analysis did not reveal any association with the number of metastatic sites, suggesting that patients with a high tumor burden still benefit from paclitaxel treatment in terms of disease control. We further analyzed the localization of metastases and found an independent prognostic value for the presence of hepatic and cerebral metastases, as has been described before (Figure 3D) (25,27-29). Non-hepatic/non-cerebral metastases were associated with longer OS compared to hepatic or cerebral metastases, and presence of both hepatic and cerebral metastases resulted in the worst survival rate. In addition, ECOG PS 2 was independently associated with a significant reduction in OS, similar to what has been described before (Figure 3B) (6,9,30,31). However, DCR was not lower in case of ECOG PS 2 in our paclitaxel-treated patients: the DCR was 29% in patients with ECOG PS 2 and 28% in the entire cohort. In addition, the achievement of disease control under paclitaxel therapy was associated with a significantly prolonged OS also within the subset of ECOG PS 2 patients (4.5 vs. 3.2 months from the start of paclitaxel treatment, P=0.039, Figure S1C), regardless of the fact that ECOG PS 2 patients had an overall shorter survival than ECOG PS 0–1 patients (2.5 vs. 3.8 months P=0.002; Figure 3B). Furthermore, toxicity was not higher in ECOG PS 2 patients: 63% vs. 62% for any toxicity of any grade and 14% vs. 16.5% for any toxicity of grade 3/4 in ECOG PS 2 vs. 0–1 patients, respectively (Table S1). Therefore, we believe that ECOG PS 2 per se should not be used as a criterion for exclusion of patients from paclitaxel therapy. However, our results suggest that ECOG PS 2 patients with concomitant brain and liver metastases should not be offered paclitaxel, since this was frequently followed by rapid clinical deterioration.

Interestingly, the number of pack years also affected survival significantly and independently in this cohort with an increase in mortality by 1% with every additional pack year (Exp(B)=1.013). The prognostic value of smoking has been described before (32,33), however, not in a population in later therapy lines. Hence, even in patients with very advanced disease, the number of smoked cigarettes still had an impact on OS. This should be emphasized when approaching patients regarding smoking cessation.

A major limitation of this study is its retrospective single-center nature, because a bias in patient selection cannot be excluded. However, the fact that PS, metastatic status, dose reduction, tumor response and pack years showed prognostic value in our analysis similar to other published series (6,9,25-33), suggests that the analyzed cohort represents a typical SCLC patient population. While several studies have retrospectively analyzed the effect of second- and third-line SCLC therapy, partially in small sets of patients (4,5,7,10,11,34), there are only two studies that describe RRs of SCLC therapy beyond the third line. These studies included relatively few cases [27 patients (3) and 73 patients (35)] and additionally grouped outcomes across different substances. To our knowledge, no data are available on RRs beyond a third line of therapy for a specific substance, including paclitaxel. Studying a relatively large cohort, we were able to describe RRs to paclitaxel in comparatively large patient numbers in 4^th line (89 patients) and 5^th line plus 6^th line (23 patients) therapy with a DCR of 27% and 31%, respectively (Tables 3,5). Therefore, our results provide insights into the clinical use of paclitaxel and confirm a reasonable efficiency of this therapy with a DCR of 28%, even in heavily pretreated patients with advanced SCLC. Notably, the observed RRs of 15–23% for paclitaxel in third and higher therapy lines were similar or slightly better compared to that reported for the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab (12%) (36). Thus, despite the rapid emergence of novel therapeutic possibilities, paclitaxel monotherapy should still be considered as a reasonable option for the treatment of progressed SCLC patients. Particularly patients in a very good or good general condition and absence of liver and brain metastases benefit from this generally well-tolerated treatment. However, paclitaxel therapy in patients with ECOG PS 2 is still justified, as our results show a clinically relevant DCR of 29% associated with prolonged survival as well as lack of excessive toxicity in this fragile population. Based on our observation that dose reductions result in shorter survival, we strongly recommend a critical assessment of the expected toxicity before considering such measures and emphasize the use of maximal supportive therapy to reduce side effects.

In conclusion, our results highlight the value of paclitaxel monotherapy in heavily pretreated, advanced SCLC, a very difficult therapeutic situation still lacking clinical standards.

Acknowledgments

Funding: We acknowledge financial support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the funding programme Open Access Publishing, by the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts and by Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg.

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: PC serves as the unpaid editorial board member of Journal of Thoracic Disease from Dec 2018 to Nov 2020. The authors report the following relevant financial activities unrelated to the submitted work: F Bozorgmehr has received research funding from BMS, Astra Zeneca and honoraria from Novartis, MSD. S Rieken reports honoraria and travel expenses from Elekta Inc., Accuray Inc., AstraZeneca, BMS, Lilly, Roche, DGP, DKG, Degro; IITs and other research funding from BMS, Accuray Inc., Merck KGaA; Consulting or advisory role: Accuray Inc., AstraZeneca GmbH. S Liersch reports advisory board honoraria from BMS, Amgen, MSD and speaker’s honoraria from MSD, Sanofi. T Muley reports research grants, travel expenses, honorarium for report and patent applications from Roche and research grants from Chugai Pharma. M Thomas reports advisory board honoraria from AbbVie, BMS, Boehringer, Celgene, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Takeda; speaker’s honoraria from Lilly, MSD, Takeda; research funding from AstraZeneca, BMS, Celgene, Roche and travel grants from BMS, Boehringer, MSD, Novartis. PC reports lecture fees from Roche, Chugai and Novartis. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. This study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Heidelberg University (S-461/2016) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2013. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to treatment and anonymity preserved at all times.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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