Minimally invasive tricuspid valve surgery

Introduction

Tricuspid valve (TV) disease has been increasingly diagnosed within the community due to various reasons which include the increase in intracardiac devices implantation (Figure 1) and prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) (1). Despite the benign appearance of tricuspid valve disease, it carries a very poor prognosis when left untreated. TV disease, when it reaches its late stages, will affect other systems which could include liver congestion and renal impairment. This in turn will lead to a higher surgical risk of complications. This has been the main reason for surgical turn down of this group of patients as the reported results from sternotomy surgery remained highly discouraging (2).

Figure 1 An operative view of a regurgitant tricuspid valve due to perforation and fixation of one leaflet by a pacemaker lead.

Since the introduction of minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) techniques in the late 90s, a lot of work has been done to support adopting this technique and to provide new ideas and solutions for the emerging challenges (3). This was the case with many centers which decided to perform minimally invasive tricuspid surgery (MITS) as a concomitant procedure with mitral valve surgery (4). Yet, due to the rarity of isolated TV surgeries performed in general, it is still difficult to find supporting literature for MITS. It is surprising that despite all the advances in MICS, isolated MITS is still underperformed.

In this article, we are trying to provide a broad view of the perioperative management of isolated MITS patients along with the available results in the English literature.

Surgical technique

Preoperative preparation

Routine work up is the same as sternotomy approach which includes echocardiogram, 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, routine blood tests and preoperative examination (5).

In addition to the routine preoperative work up, MICS would require a thorough assessment of the peripheral vascular cannulation sites and the thoracic anatomy (6). Some centers relied on the distal aortic angiography during the routine preoperative coronary angiogram. Other centers insisted on performing a routine CT Aortogram with a follow thorough to the femoral vessels (7). In many occasions, studies have reported that the operative strategy was changed according to CT scan results. Patients with unsuitable femoral vessels or tortuous femoro-iliac vessels were considered to be unsuitable for peripheral cannulation. Another route of cannulation was considered, or patients were turned down to the sternotomy approach (8). Venous anatomy was also examined by the CT scans. The anatomy of the thoracic aorta is also important. Tortuous or calcified thoracic aorta or, sometimes, the presence of chronic type B aortic dissection has led to change in the cannulation technique and/or myocardial protection strategy (9). Right pleural adhesions are also a very important factor in considering the suitability for the minimal access surgery. The presence of adhesions can be an indication to abandon the procedure in some centres (10). On the other hands, some other surgical teams would carry out the procedure even with adhesions using diathermy or Ligasure device for dissection (11).

Anaesthetic preparations

There are a few differences in between routine sternotomy and minimal access tricuspid valve surgery in terms of conduction of anaesthesia. One of the differences in anaesthetic practice between centres is the endotracheal intubation. Right lung could be routinely deflated before conduction of cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB) to enable performing right mini-thoracotomy and place the utility ports (12). A double lumen endotracheal tube was used to achieve this but, it was shown in occasional cases to cause airway trauma leading to bleeding, airway oedema or hoarseness of voice which would prolong the hospital stay of some patients (13). Better results were achieved using a single lumen endotracheal tube with intermittent ventilation (12). Other centres preferred the use of an endobronchial blocker with the single lumen tube to deflate the right lung and avoid desaturation (14).

Anaesthetic preparation would also include insertion of a percutaneous superior vena caval cannula through the jugular vein and sometimes, insertion of a vascular occlusion catheter in the superior vena cava (SVC) distal to the SVC cannula to prevent air lock in the circuit when the right atrium is opened. We will discuss this in detail in the cannulation section.

Surgical procedures

Surgical incisions vary between the different centres in case of minimally invasive surgery. The size of the incision became smaller with time and with surgical team experience. It started with small incision thoracotomy (8–10 cm) for a direct vision procedure then, the incisions became smaller (4–6 cm) with the introduction of the video assistance (15). Finally, the incisions became more cosmetic by the introduction the peri areolar incisions (Figure 2) without compromising the quality of the procedure (16). Many centres mentioned using blunt dissection and muscle splitting techniques while performing the mini thoracotomy to promote better healing and less pain post operatively (5).

Figure 2 An operative view of a peri-areolar incision with two ports placed.

Venous cannulation in case of MITS is the most variable step between many centres. The main reasons for this variability are the expertise of the team, cost effectiveness and making the surgery more practical and reproducible. Classically, an SVC cannula is inserted percutaneously through the jugular vein, this followed by insertion of the inferior vena cava (IVC) cannula using the femoral vein (17). In both cases, guide wires and cannulae positioning were guided by trans-oesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) (18). Other centres published their results with direct bi-caval cannulation using the standard sternotomy cannulae with good outcomes (19). A very interesting technique has been also utilized using ballooned endotracheal tubes to cannulate both cavae directly while using the tube balloons as occlusion method to avoid air locks (20). In terms of practicality, other centres found that using only a single multistage venous cannula inserted through the femoral vein to be very safe and effective even with right atriotomy (21). In fact, a comparative study showed that using IVC cannulation only through the femoral vein is comparable to using both bi-caval cannulation (22). In the same context, placing an atrial shunt between SVC and IVC after right atriotomy can provide good venous drainage from the SVC through the right atrium to the single IVC cannula with achieving a completely bloodless field (23). Isolation (snaring) of the cavae is also variable between different centres. Some centres used vascular occlusion balloons to isolate both cavae. In this case, they used the opposite side of both femoral and jugular cannulation to insert the balloon catheter and place them distal to the venous cannulae. Other centres only used these balloons to snare the SVC whether by inserting them through the contralateral side as before or by inserting them through the SVC cannula itself (Figure 3) using a three-way connection (24). For the purpose of making the procedure easier, some centre adopted more simple techniques in SVC isolation. For example, isolation would be achieved using a standard nylon tape or a large bulldog vascular clamp. In case of IVC isolation, the nylon tape could be used or, simply, place a small swab (Figure 4) on the IVC orifice after right atriotomy (5). Arterial cannulation was done through the femoral arteries in most of the cases. Femoral arteries were assessed for suitability as mentioned in the preoperative section. For the purpose of peripheral arterial cannulation, a small groin cutdown was performed at the same side of venous cannulation (17). Percutaneous cannulation was also performed in some studies when the endo-aortic balloon endoclamp was not used (25). In case of the need for a purpose designed femoral cannula to insert the endo-aortic balloon endoclamp, groin cutdown was mandatory (26). Some centres preferred to perform direct aortic cannulation to avoid the retrograde blood flow (27).

Figure 3 Steps of percutaneous superior vena cava (SVC) cannulation: (A) wires insertion, (B) cannula insertion, (C) three-way connector attached, (D) balloon inserted through the three way connection.

Figure 4 Intraoperative photo to show the small gauze (yellow arrow) on the mouth of the inferior vena cava (IVC).

Myocardial protection in MITS would also vary between different teams. Cardioplegic cardiac arrest is one option but, it would require aortic clamping. To achieve this, many centres used an external cross clamp (28). In redo setting, surgeons would avoid dissecting the adhesions around the aorta and would use aortic endo-balloon occlusion clamp to achieve cross clamping (29). Some centres with a good experience with the endo-aortic balloon clamp would use this technique even in primary cases (30). On the other hand, some centres preferred to avoid cross clamping totally by performing beating heart surgery or perform the surgery with ventricular fibrillation and hypothermia (31).

Surgical techniques for repair and replacement in MITS are the same to those in the standard sternotomy approach (Figure 5). There are many reports of achieving satisfactory results with complex repairs performed with the minimally invasive approach (32).

Figure 5 An annuloplasty ring secured in place using the automated knot fixation.

There are many solutions for pacing after the procedure. The most commonly used one in the primary cases is placing the standard epicardial pacing wires into the epicardial surface of the right ventricle (5). Other options are mainly used for the redo cases where dissection of adhesions is avoided to avoid injury of the cardiac structures or the previous bypass grafts. In those cases, pacing through the tricuspid valve using a transvenous pacing catheter inserted preoperatively and repositioned after the repair/replacement is achieved (33). Another similar option is to place a coronary sinus catheter which will be inserted by the anaesthetic team into the right atrium and positioned after the repair/replacement by the surgeon (34). In some other cases, the standard epicardial pacing wires were placed directly into the endocardial surface of the right ventricle and passed through the tricuspid valve then through the right atriotomy suture line. In those cases, no report of bleeding after removal of the pacing wires was noted (35).

After weaning from CPB, some centres suggested loose closure of the pericardium with placing of a small drain (e.g., Blake Ethicon) in the pericardium and another drain in the right pleura (36). Some other centres place a single drain in the right pleura without closing the pericardium. In redo cases, only one drain is placed in the right pleura (31).

Post-operative care

Immediate post-operative care of the minimally invasive patients is the same as standard sternotomy patients. Most centres insisted on having an immediate post-operative chest X-ray to ensure right lung expansion, confirm the position of the right pleural drain and exclude unilateral pulmonary congestion (5). Some centres adopted quick removal of the drains within 24–48 hours post-surgery (37). Other centres left the pericardial drain for 3 to 4 days to protect against late pericardial effusion (32).

Outcomes

In general, there is a significant lack of prospective randomized trials comparing minimal access surgery to standard sternotomy. In case of minimal access isolated tricuspid surgery, most of the data are collected from single centre experiences, case series and case reports (Table 1). Some relatively large volume studies showed the results of isolated tricuspid valve surgery, but they did not include subgroup comparative analysis between sternotomy and minimally invasive approaches (40). Other studies from highly experienced centres showed the results of concomitant tricuspid valve surgery during mitral valve surgery (41).

Table 1 A summary of the outcome of the MITS
Full table

Operative times

Long operative times is a consistent criticism for MICS in general (42). This was thought to be directly related to post-operative complications because, in standard sternotomy surgery, long bypass times are reflecting complicated surgery (43). This was proved not be the case in MICS as long bypass times were planned and, despite that, they have less impact on the patients compared to median sternotomy (44). Interestingly, Maimaiti and colleagues reported shorter bypass times in their MITS group (78.4±31.2 min) compared to the median sternotomy (90.9±22.8 min). This can be explained by the fact that all their patients had redo surgery (32). Our results showed total bypass times of 139.8±46.4 minutes. This also reflects that we used the endovascular occlusion clamp in most of the cases which increases the bypass times (5). Chen and colleagues reported a total bypass time of 74.8±28.5 min in their 117 patients with isolated tricuspid surgery patients. In their series 90.7% of the patients had MITS (40). Ricci and colleagues reported a long bypass times of 135.8±41.9 min, but their series included also concomitant procedures with the MITS (38). We will show in the following sections if the long bypass times had an impact on the results.

Mortality

Isolated tricuspid valve surgery via sternotomy carries high mortality rates that reaches 50% in some series (45). Minimally invasive tricuspid valve surgery appeared to have lower mortality rates than the sternotomy approach. In a comparative study, Maimaiti and colleagues (32) showed similar 30-day mortality rate of 5% between both sternotomy and MITS in redo settings. In the same context, Faber and colleagues showed a mortality of 7% in the redo MITS group compared to 27% mortality in the sternotomy group also in redo setting (39). They had a control group in their study which contained only primary MITS with a mortality of 8%. Our results showed a total 30-day mortality rate of 4.1% in their MITS both in primary and redo settings (5). The Liepzig group’s mortality rate in the redo MITS was 4.2%. Ricci and colleagues performed MITS in high risk patients with a predicted mortality of 11.6%±11.7% but the actual mortality rate was 7.9% but, in their study, some patients underwent concomitant procedures, e.g., mitral valve surgery or ASD closure (38). Chen and colleagues reported their long experience with reoperative isolated tricuspid valve surgery (40). In their work, they report a significant reduction in mortality when compared their initial utilization of the median sternotomy technique (mortality 23.3%) to the mortality of 4.6% after shifting to MITS.

Blood loss and blood transfusion

Generally, MICS carries less risk for blood loss compared to standard sternotomy (46). This is believed to be caused by the smaller incision and minimal dissection to achieve a satisfactory view of the operative field (44). Maimaiti and colleagues (32) showed less bleeding during the first 24 hours in the MITS with a mean of 420 mL compared to 589.6 mL in the sternotomy group. They also measured the total drainage in both groups and found a mean total of 1,151.7 mL in the MITS group compared to 2,276.2 mL in the sternotomy group. Both were statistically significant. They attributed the increased drainage in their study to the general condition of the patient and the need for dissection in these redo cases. Faber and colleagues reported 29% re-exploration for bleeding in their redo sternotomy group compared to 7% in the redo MITS group. This has reflected on the blood transfusion rates post operatively. The mean number of units transfused in the MITS group was 4.8 units whereas a mean of 8.7 units were transfused in the redo sternotomy group in their experience (39). Also, in their study, the primary MITS re-exploration for bleeding was 8%. In our experience, the mean blood loss was 301 mL in total and the transfusion rate was 12.5% (5). Chen and colleagues performed 118 isolated redo tricuspid valve surgery, 107 of them were MITS. They have published the collective results showing mean blood loss of 250 mL in the first 24 hours with no blood transfusion at all (40). Ricci and colleagues showed a mean blood loss of 471.5 mL in their high-risk patients but they did not mention their transfusion rates in their study (38).

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)

For the past two decades, MICS was reported to be associated with a significantly increased risk of CVA compared to standard sternotomy (47). This was always thought to be caused by performing surgery with retrograde cardiopulmonary bypass so, many centres started to shift towards antegrade cardiopulmonary bypass using axillary artery cannulation or direct aortic cannulation (48). Recently, many studies have precluded those finding by reporting equal or less incident of CVA with the utilization of retrograde perfusion (49). In particular to isolated MITS, Maimaiti and colleagues have reported 4% risk of stroke with compared to no stroke reported in the sternotomy cases (32). Faber and colleagues reported no stroke in their primary MITS group. In their comparison in the redo setting, redo MITS showed 2% stroke rate compared to 12% in the redo sternotomy (39). In our experience, we have not encountered any post-operative stroke with MITS (5). Joseph has also encountered no CVA in their MITS published work (28), the same outcome was concluded by Liu and colleagues (50). In high risk patient undergoing MITS, Ricci and colleagues reported an incidence of 1.6% post-operative stroke (38). This confirms that in selected patients MITS can be performed without any increase in stroke rates.

Renal complications

In general, renal complications can be higher in patients undergoing isolated tricuspid valve surgery due to their general comorbidity and delayed referral to surgery (51). In their redo series in relatively young patients, Moutakiallah and colleagues performed 26 isolated reoperative tricuspid valve surgery. Only two of their patients were performed using MITS technique. They have reported renal failure incidence of 30.8% (52). In their comparative study, Maimaiti and colleagues reported a higher risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in their sternotomy group reaching 35% compared to 13% in the MITS group (32). They have also reported equal incidence of new renal haemodialysis post-operatively of 13%. Faber and colleague reported 13% and 24% new onset dialysis requirement post redo MITS and redo sternotomy respectively. Their primary MITS group showed a new dialysis rate of 12% (39). Liu and colleagues (50) have reported 5.6% of their patients requiring renal replacement therapy post MITS. In our institution, 12.5% of the patients required hemofiltration post operatively (5). Joseph reported that 8.3% of their patients required renal replacement therapy in the post-operative period (28). In high risk MITS patients, Ricci and colleagues reported 7.8% risk of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (38).

Arrythmias and pace-maker implantation

The increased diagnosis of tricuspid valve regurgitation is thought to be a result of the increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and implantation of pacing devices. This would explain why most of the patients undergoing tricuspid will have rhythm problems. Tricuspid valve surgery in general carries high risk of post-operative arrythmia and requirement of pacemaker implantation. Maimaiti and colleagues reported 9% pacemaker insertion in their MITS compared to 15% in the sternotomy group (32). The same pattern was reported by Faber and colleagues (39). They reported 7% new pacemaker insertion in the redo MITS group, 12% in the redo sternotomy group and zero percent in the primary MITS control group. Interestingly, Chen and colleague reported only 0.9% incidence of pacemaker insertion in their large series that was performed mainly via MITS (40). Similar results of 1.1% pacemaker insertion was reported by Liu and colleagues (50). In our experience, there was no rhythm problems requiring pacemaker insertion (5). In the Leipzig experience, 10.4% of the patient developed brady arrythmia or atrio-ventricular block requiring new pacemaker insertion (25). In General, the incidence of rhythm disturbances after tricuspid valve surgery is relatively high. Fang and colleagues performed 91 redo tricuspid valve surgeries, 77 of them was performed with MITS. They reported 2.2% incidence of new pacemaker insertion (53).

Postoperative pain

We did not find reports of pain scores in particular to isolated MITS. Despite that, there is abundant evidence comparing right mini thoracotomy to standard sternotomy (15). Many studies reported less post-operative pain in MICS as opposed to sternotomy (54-57). This is thought to be resulting from keeping the integrity of the sternum which leads to better bony thorax stability. Cohn and colleagues reported similar pain scores in both minimally invasive and sternotomy groups in the first 48 hours. The difference the pain scores became wider from the third day of surgery and continued to progressively show better results in the minimally invasive group (56). In the same context, Orlando and colleagues reported less pain in the minimally invasive group both before and after discharge. This has been translated into a better satisfaction and earlier return to the ordinary day activities (55). In their quality of life study, Leipzig group reported that 94% of their minimally invasive patient suffered from no pain or mild pain at the most after minimally invasive surgery. They have also reported 43% return to work in the first 3 weeks with 93% of the patient preferring to choose the same technique again should they require redo surgery (58). It is impressive to learn that patients who had minimally invasive redo procedure after a previous sternotomy have reported a better experience than their original sternotomy procedure in terms of pain and speedy recovery (59,60).

Following the steps of thoracic surgery, cardiac surgery now is moving towards using regional and local anaesthesia to reduce immediate post-operative pain. For example, Castillo-Sang and colleagues reported 50% reduction in post-operative narcotics usage after local field block with better pain scores (61). Using pectoral block technique was also described as a method to reduce post-operative pain and opioid use (62).

Hospital stay and cost effectiveness

In their previously mentioned comparative study Maimaiti and colleagues reported a total hospital stay of 10.1±6.7 days in the MITS group compared to 11.3±7.9 days in the sternotomy group (P value 0.578) (32). Cohn and colleagues reported a median of 9 days (6–13 days) in their MITS study (40). Faber and colleagues reported longer hospital stays in all the three groups. Their hospital stays were 15±11 days in the control primary MITS group. In the redo groups, it was 20±17 and 18±10 days in both redo MITS and redo sternotomy respectively (39). This might be due to the high prevalence of liver cirrhosis among their patients group. In our experience, total hospital stay after MITS was 8 (11.1–8.9) days (5). Ricci and colleagues reported a median of 8 days post-operative hospital stay in their high risk MITS patients’ group (38). Joseph showed median post-operative hospital stay of 7 days in their MITS patients (28). Regarding median sternotomy tricuspid surgery, Moutakiallah and colleagues reported the hospital stay of 16.9±10.1 days in their 26 patients (only two patients were performed with MITS) (52).

In general, minimally invasive surgery is thought to provide a better cost effectiveness compared to the standard sternotomy surgery (56,63). In a cost analysis study, Vleissis and Bolling reported a significant reduction in cost with minimally invasive mitral surgery. The main areas of saving were in cardiac imaging, radiology, laboratory tests, hospital stays and nursing. They have also reported that less minimally invasive patients require discharging to nursing facilities (64). Despite that all the fore mentioned studies were reporting minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, the same principles can be applied to the MITS. We have shown a relatively shorter hospital stays, blood loss, renal impairment and post-operative pain which would reduce the utilization of the laboratory facilities, blood bank and intensive nursing.

Insights in MICS

MICS is a very demanding procedure specially at the beginning of the program. It requires a long learning curve, and this length, depends on personal adaptability of each surgeon to this relatively new technique (65). A high level of communication and group training is required for all the team members including surgeons, anaesthetists, perfusionist and nurses (7). It has to be mentioned that most of the criticisms to MICS has been overcome with the progression of experience. Prolonged surgical times has been shown to be significantly reduced with experience (3). Aortic dissection and cannulation complications seemed to be avoided with more planning before surgery even in difficult cases (63). It is clear that with the introduction of the 3-dimension scopes that the view and vision of the surgical field has become much better together with depth perception and manual dexterity (66). This should encourage young surgeons to be more open to this new technology in teams that would elaborate more on a multi-disciplinary approach in treatment (heart team) (67). From what we have explained in this review, we hope that we have shared an insight about the advantages of performing MITS in this group of high-risk patients avoiding exposing them to the overwhelming stress of median sternotomy. At the end, a lot of work needs to be done to make sure that MITS is delivered after a structured preparation within the whole operating team.

At present there is a lack of a randomized control trial to support this approach. We hope that a large multicenter registry will be the next step in order to capture the evidence of other operators.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the Guest Editors (Jason Ali and Yasir Abu-Omar) for the series “Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery” published in Journal of Thoracic Disease. The article was sent for external peer review organized by the Guest Editors and the editorial office.

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-20-1331). The series “Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. JZ is Proctor for Edwards LifeScience, Abbott and Cryolife. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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