Quantification of volume changes in the descending aorta after frozen elephant trunk procedure using the Thoraflex hybrid prosthesis for type A aortic dissection

Introduction

Late complications after surgical repair of type A aortic dissection, involving the arch and the descending aorta (AADA) due to persistent false lumen patency remain important setbacks (1).

In this setting, recent advances in open and endovascular surgery and an increase in one-stage procedures, which enable an extended repair beyond the proximal aortic arch (2-4), claim to reduce aneurysmal degeneration of the downstream aorta and therefore improve patient outcome. Consequently, these approaches allow to reduce perfusion of false lumen (FL) while providing re-expansion of the distal true lumen (TL) (5).

A well-established surgical approach of AADA consists of a total aortic arch replacement using the frozen elephant trunk (FET) (6-8). This approach aims to reduce aforementioned late complications by decreasing the FL perfusion as the positive remodeling effect of the FET technique not only affects the stentgrafted segment but also the downstream aorta. w results in terms of reduced perioperative mortality, freedom from aortic reoperation and recurrent nerve palsy have been published (8,9). On the other hand, the positive effect on the thoraco-abdominal aorta seems to fade with increasing distance from the (FET-) stentgraft resulting in a gradual narrowing of the true lumen (9).

Currently, size of true and false lumen after FET are being evaluated using CT and less frequently ultrasound. However, diameter measurement alone fails to evaluate the volumetric progression of the dissected aortic lumina adequately, as measurement is based on each slice rather than total volume. Moreover, this method is prone to error as surface measurement relies on exact matching of the same slice over time, which can be difficult in sickle-shaped true lumen. Volume measurement on the other hand can overcome this limitation and delivers better insights in aortic remodeling. Thus, quantification of volume changes instead of surface measurements adds crucial insights in aortic remodeling. This could help optimize follow-up timing and subsequent procedure planning (9,10). However, limited data are available regarding actual volumetric changes of true and false lumen after FET procedure. Especially with regard to consecutive procedures after AADA a better understanding of true and false volume remodeling is mandatory.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify volume changes of the descending and abdominal aorta at short- and mid-term follow-up after FET procedure.

We present the following article in accordance with the MDAR reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-20-2356).

Methods

The study was approved by the local ethics committee (protocol number 2018-506-f-S). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Due to the retrospective character of the study informed consent was waived by the institutional review board. Between April 2015 and March 2018, a total of 84 patients underwent surgical treatment of AADA. In these patients, 21 underwent surgical repair using the Thoraflex™ Hybrid Plexus 4 (Vascutek, Terumo Aortic, Scotland). Thirty-day-mortality was 4.8%. Therefore, 20 patients, i.e., 18 male and 2 female patients with a mean age 57±17 years old, were included in this study. Based on laboratory-chemical examinations and CT scans there was no sign of malperfusion or organic ischemia in any patients prior to surgery. Surgery was performed at the department of cardiothoracic surgery, division of cardiac surgery at the University Hospital Münster.

Surgical replacement

Surgery was performed under moderate hypothermic (28 °C) circulatory arrest and selective bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to monitor cerebral tissue oxygenation. After median sternotomy extracorporeal circulation was initiated. Myocardial protection was achieved using retrograde cold blood cardioplegia. After distal transection of the aortic arch the Thoraflex™ Hybrid Plexus (facilitating selective arch vessel reconstruction) was positioned in the descending aorta. Stentgraft size was determined according to the maximal diameter of true lumen. After completion of the distal anastomosis in zone 3, aortic arch vessel reconstruction was performed under reinitialized perfusion of the lower body.

Volume rendering and measurement

Based on ECG-gated computed tomography angiograms (CTAs) before surgical treatment, at discharge and at one year and two years follow-up volumetric measurements have been performed. For every patient, we performed a volumetric reconstruction of true, false, and total aortic volume at the different time points. Unfortunately, 9 patients were lost to follow up in the first year and 12 patients in the second year. In case of missing or inconsistent data scans were not included. Overall, we were able to obtain 158 measurements.

Surfaces of the aorta were measured at different levels, i.e., at the left subclavian artery (level A), sixth thoracic vertebral body (level B), diaphragm (level C) and celiac trunk (level D). True lumen volume (TL) and false lumen volume (FL) have been analyzed at the Department of Vascular and Endovascular surgery. First, CT angiography scans were reconstructed automatically with Aquarius iNtuition (TeraRecon Inc., Foster City, CA, USA). Second, after curved planar reformation (CPR), an automatic center line was generated, and then after selection of the preset function for volume measuring, true and false lumen volumes were divided automatically from the software by detecting the level of contrast medium enhancement. Third, the diameter of the true and false lumen was edited manually from the left subclavian artery to the celiac trunk on each slice (slice thickness 1.5 mm). All steps of volume rendering were performed by two experienced colleagues of the department of vascular and endovascular surgery with the “four-eyes” principle in order to reduce bias. The true lumen and false lumen were calculated separately for each slice. FL thrombus was included. All volumes are expressed in cm³. Based on previous steps, change in true lumen volume (TLV) and false lumen volume (FLV) was analyzed at the respective time points. Previous volume rendering methods are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Exemplary CT displaying curved planar and straight multiplanar reconstruction before (A) and 24 months after (B) FET implantation according to the aforementioned stepwise approach using Aquarius iNtuition (TeraRecon Inc., Foster City, CA, USA). Green line: edited center line. Bottom line shows diameter measurement before and after FET implantation.

Statistical analysis

All data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22 (Armonk, NY, IBM Corp) was used for statistical analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test was applied to test the equality of continuous variables for TL and FL at the respective times of measurement (i.e., preoperative, at discharge and 12 and 24 months after discharge). Within the groups (true lumen and false lumen) the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to extrapolate significance. Tukey post-hoc analysis and Bonferroni correction was applied to compare means at the baseline, discharge and at one and two years follow up. Significance was set at P<0.05.

Results

One hundred fifty-eight volumetric measures were obtained from the left subclavian artery to the celiac trunk.

Three patients received a secondary aortic procedure due to likely degenerative development of the descending aorta. One patient developed a false lumen aneurysm and received an extension of the stentgraft down to the celiac trunk and occlusion of the false lumen with a vascular plug. A second patient required at the second postoperative day an extension of the thoracic graft due to a collapse of the true lumen and acute kidney injury. The third patient required a prolongation using the Provisional ExTension To Induce COmplete Attachment (PETTICOAT) technique including stenting of the left renal artery due to a collapse of the true lumen and malperfusion. With regard to the initial volume, mean volumetric change in true lumen, false lumen as well as well as surface measurement of the true lumen at above-mentioned levels at discharge and mid-term follow up (12 and 24 months) are displayed in Tables 1,2.

Table 1 Mean lumen in cm³ at the respective times of measurement
Full table

Table 2 Surface measurement of the TL at different levels in mm³
Full table

The findings show a significant increase in the volume of the true lumen while conventional surface measurement of the true lumen did not show any significant change at level A, B and D. Surface measurement only revealed significant growth at the level of diaphragm (level C) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Displaying surface lumina of the TL at different levels. TL, true lumen.

Nineteen patients CTAs have been evaluated at time of discharge; 11 patients were available for reevaluation CTA at one year and 8 patients after 2 years follow up. Mean follow up time was 17.05 months. Mean volume of the true lumen (TL), false lumen (FL) and total aortic volume (TAV) before surgery was 77.03±47.96, 158.33±68.24, 234.95±89.72 cm³, respectively. The mean volume of the true lumen grew from 77.03 before surgery to 133.84 at 2 years follow up.

One-way analysis of variance showed significant increase of the true lumen volume, whereas no significant change was seen in false lumen after FET. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significance after 24 months (P=0.047). However, there was no significant increase in true lumen volume after FET after 12 months (P=0.09) (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Boxplot of the TL at different time points. *, P=0.047. TL, true lumen.

Discussion

With the introduction of the hybrid prostheses devices the surgeons’ armamentarium evolved significantly in the recent years as it also allows a more adequate treatment of the aortic arch and descending aortic disease. Accordingly, previous studies outlined the benefits of this technique regarding remodeling of true and false lumen (4-9).

Volumetric changes after stentgraft of the descending aorta for type B dissections have been widely described, demonstrating a good long-term behavior of the distal abdominal aorta.

As the benefits of true lumen expansion is self-explanatory and qualitatively sufficiently outlined, there is no data regarding quantitative volume changes in the descending aorta after FET implantations. As far as we know, this study is the first quantification of volumetric changes of the dissected lumens after surgical repair in AADA using the Thoraflex hybrid prosthesis.

Diameter measurements alone appear not to be sensitive and adequate enough to estimate the progression of the dissected aorta. We observed the same limitations in our surface measures of the true lumen. Instead, volumetric quantification provides a precise dimension of the aortic remodeling. Moreover, these volume measurements overcome some of the limitations of diameter measurements, which may be performed only at a few discrete locations, with limitation on sickle-shaped true lumen and with difficult replication of the exact location of different measurements in CTAs taken at different times (11).

As there is no consensus in current guidelines with respect to the aspired volumetric change in the respective aortic segment, these findings could set the ground for an academic approach to relate quantitative volumetric data to clinical outcome. Consequently, this could potentially lead to improved follow-up pattern.

However, as the current approach was time consuming and prone to individual error, a computed algorithm could facilitate a large-scale evaluation for all cases. Several factors have been recognized to promote false lumen growth. The number of vessels originating from the false lumen has been identified as an independent predictor of false lumen growth. Moreover, increasing age is a negative predictor of aortic growth (12). As the role of false lumen on the aortic growth after type B dissection (AADB) remains unclear (13,14) incomplete false lumen thrombosis is known as the most predictive for aortic growth in type B aortic dissection (15).

In AADA, however, patients treated with conventional grafts with re-entries at the level of the supra-aortic branches were prone to unfavorable aortic remodeling (16). In line with these findings, there are lower rates of mid- to long-term reintervention and false lumen non-thrombosis in patients who underwent a more “complete” aortic repair with hybrid grafts. This may be due to an extended repair of the aorta in the descending tract (4,5,16).

Volumetric change after type B dissection has been thoroughly investigated. Previous studies (17,18) demonstrated that thoracic endografting for acute type B dissections promotes significant thoracic aortic remodeling with true lumen expansion and false lumen regression in the abdominal aorta in early follow up, in particular when adding a bare-metal stent (17,18). Despite these findings, our data did not show false lumen regression after FET implantation. Another study (18) evaluated the long-term effects of the PETTICOAT procedure for acute complicated type B aortic dissection. They confirmed long-term effects of aortic remodeling with TL expansion in the thoracic and abdominal segment while highlighting the positive effect of a complete false lumen obliteration as a major prognostic factor for late complications. In line with these findings, Weiss and colleagues (19) showed that the FET technique for AADA provides a high rate of FL thrombosis in the thoracic aorta compared to conventional methods.

Over all, residual patent false lumen is associated with poor long-term outcome, regardless of dissection type (20,21). The possible role of total aortic coverage using a bare metal stent after aortic arch hybrid procedure simulating a PETTICOAT technique is well evaluated. Although this is an interesting solution, no clinical studies are available evaluating its safety (21).

In our cohort almost all patients showed a significant expansion of true lumen volume, whereas only one patient needed reintervention because of false lumen aneurysm. These results, confirm that this treatment provides a sufficient coverage of the tear zone and possible further entries, which are often culprit for false lumen growth.

This study is limited by the small sample size. The lack of standardized protocols for predetermined follow-up end points might explain the relatively large number of patients lost for mid-term follow-up. This also may have biased our data as follow-up CTAs for 1- and 2-year-endpoints were roughly planed around that time.

However, despite aforementioned limitation, these findings can provide a better understanding of dissection volume and pathology as the dynamic of volume change after FET becomes measurable for the first time.

Conclusions

In our experience, FET implantation with the Thoraflex hybrid prosthesis for AADA leads to measurable increase of true lumen volume (TL) of the aorta with relatively low rate of false lumen growth. In our preliminary experience, volumetric changes of the aorta seem to be more reliable in detecting remodeling of the aorta. Standardized protocols and a prospective data collection of larger cohorts are needed to confirm this data.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the MDAR reporting checklist. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-20-2356

Data Sharing Statement: Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-20-2356

Peer Review File: Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-20-2356

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-20-2356). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (protocol number 2018-506-f-S). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Due to the retrospective character of the study informed consent was waived by the institutional review board.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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