英国胸外科现状
英国全民医疗服务体系(National Health Service,NHS)始建于1948年,是一个由政府出资的医疗保健系统,旨在为所有生活在英国的人提供免费的医疗服务。其主要特点是在临床工作中鼓励胸外科医生们慎重考虑手术的临床效益与成本、在培训中追求卓越、在研究中突破创新。
高质量的教育与世界领先的的科研相结合,对于促进英国胸外科的发展至关重要。英国皇家外科学院负责在全国乃至全世界范围内制定标准。2002年始,英国开始增加胸外科医生的数量以扩充胸外科的服务能力,从而提供更好的医疗服务,例如肺癌手术。2002年至2016年,英国胸外科专科医生的数量翻了一番,由40人增加到81人(译者注:此数据似有错误,但原文如此)[1-3]。根据2020年英国国家肺癌登记(National Lung Cancer Audit,NLCA)的报告,每个单位的住院人次中位数已经上升到每年235例;与此同时外科效果也有所改观:肺切除术后院内死亡风险已从1985年的5%下降到2018年的2%以下,而其中全肺切除术和肺叶切除术的死亡风险更有了显著降低。在2018年,Ⅰ、Ⅱ期肺癌患者中有62%接受了外科治疗,而在未接受手术的早期患者中的62%接受了放疗[4]。
然而,在不同的医疗机构中肺癌患者手术的切除率差异明显,从13%至32%不等(译者注:指所有分期的肺癌病例,非临床可切除病例的手术切除率)[4]。
目前,英国大多数肺癌手术都采用微创手术。上世纪90年代,当该技术被引入并首先应用于楔形肺切除后,开放手术的比例就在逐年下降。在2017年,英国有55%的肺癌切除术采用了电视辅助胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracic surgery,VATS),院内死亡率在1%以内[4]。近期发表的VIOLET研究已经确立VATS技术可以作为肺叶切除术的标准治疗方法。
英国第一例心脏移植手术是在1968年由英国皇家布朗普顿和黑尔菲尔德医院的外科医生Donald Ross完成的[5]。英国移植协会负责制定此类手术的质量标准,并组织器官的捐赠和移植。由于供肺缺乏而宝贵,发明了一些技术诸如体外肺灌注(ex vivo lung perfusion,EVLP),可以维持体外的肺功能,同时评估移植的最佳时机。2020年,NICE指南发布了关于该技术安全性和有效性的建议[6]。尽管如此,从2019年4月1日至2020年3月31日,英格兰地区仅实施了160例肺移植,即每百万人中进行了2.5例肺移植(相比美国为8.4例/百万人)。英国的肺移植率在欧洲排名居倒数第五位[7]。
尽管在英国食管癌切除术已不再由胸外科医生实施,但胸壁畸形(漏斗胸、鸡胸)和胸部创伤仍然是该专业的重要领域。全英的胸外科医生们都在研究能够矫正、修复创伤性或先天性解剖结构异常的方法。然而在2019年,由于现有证据不支持手术治疗鸡胸对患者身心、社会层面与行为方面产生有益的结果,NHS叫停了所有治疗鸡胸的常规手术[8,9]。
外科技术培训在英国心胸外科学界一直占据着重要地位。虽然大多数外科专业要求完成核心模块培训之后再进行进一步的专科培训,但胸外科医生现在在最开始的实习期后就可以登记报名一个竞争性录取的聚焦实际应用的胸外专业培养方案。该培养方案长达7年,目的在于培养独立的心外、胸外或心胸外科专家级医生。校际外科学课程项目(Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme,ISCP)和对参加培养者的定期评估足以确保培训的质量和学员的充分投入[10]。
英国在间皮瘤的外科治疗方面久负盛名,并且是世界上唯一开展过随机试验验证间皮瘤三种手术方式的国家。MARS研究研究了胸膜外全肺切除术[11],MesoVATS研究了部分胸膜切除术[12],而这两种治疗方法被证实无法改善生存。2023年,全英范围内的一项多中心随机对照试验(MARS2) [13]将胸膜切除术联合化疗对比单纯化疗切除将能否改善胸膜间皮瘤患者的总体生存时间,而这是仅存的最后一个有希望应用用于治疗胸膜间皮瘤的根治性术式。
英国拥有世界上最卓越、最高质量的登记系统之一。在呼吸内科、病理科、胸外科、肿瘤内科的共同努力下,肺癌切除手术的数据被系统性地匿名化收集。在NHS的支持下,2019年有133个单位参与了数据采集的过程,数据库中包括了39754例病例。每年英国报告提供关于肺切除术的具有较低偏差风险的高质量数据,随后研究人员将其分析并用于深入了解外科临床和肺癌患者的管理。此外,NCLA发布关于特定问题的登记报告,例如关于Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期肺癌患者的治愈率和肺癌的分子检测[4],显示有83%的进展期腺癌患者进行了分子检测,有75%的EGFR突变和58%的ALK突变患者接受了一线靶向治疗[14]。
英国在关于成本效益分析的循证医学实践方面也享有盛名。作为一个全国层面的合作组,胸外科研究协助组的成立使英国在胸外科的多中心随机试验中处于世界领先地位。由外科医生主导的第一项受到重大拨款资助的是VIOLET研究,该试验证明了肺癌切除术中微创手术相较于开放式手术的优越性,同时也为英国的外科医生们提供了如何将患者随机纳入临床试验的系统教育和培训[15]。在全国层面,我们更关注关于多学科诊疗的临床试验,例如评价手术作为多学科治疗的一部分内容在晚期肺癌中的价值的RAMON研究[16]。英国的另一个备受瞩目的转化研究项目是TRACERx研究,该项目已经历时9年,旨在确定肿瘤的异质性与术后临床结果之间的联系[17]。
2019年,卫生和社会保健国务大臣提出,采用数字医疗保健技术(基因组学、数字医学、人工智能和机器人技术)应用于卫生保健工作并实现创新性的和最先进的医疗保健服务[18]。尽管机器人手术是胸外科的未来趋势,但是现阶段仍需要把重点放在加强胸外科医生们的技术以及与生物医学工程的合作上[19]。在2016年,英国NHS报告中尚没有足够的证据支持在原发性肺癌的肺切除术中常规使用机器人技术[20]。目前英国和爱尔兰心胸外科协会正在收集相关数据以进一步评价这种技术的效果。
独特的全民医疗服务体系、英国胸外科医生的不懈努力下做出的宝贵贡献与高水平的临床研究聚合一体,使得英国的胸外科专业领先世界,并且仍然在不断地突破胸外科水平的上限。未来将会聚焦于通过更多的高水平研究和数字医疗技术的进步来继续提供成本效益最佳的医疗服务。
Acknowledgments
Funding: None.
Footnote
Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the Guest Editor (Alan D. L. Sihoe) for the series “Thoracic Surgery Worldwide” published in Journal of Thoracic Disease. The article has undergone external peer review.
Peer Review File: Available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-21-1080/prf
Conflicts of Interest: Both authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-21-1080/coif). The series “Thoracic Surgery Worldwide” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. Outside this work, EL reports personal fees from Abbott Molecular, personal fees from Glaxo Smith Kline, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Norvatis, personal fees from Medtronic/Covidien, personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Lily Oncology, grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from Medela, grants and personal fees from ScreenCell, personal fees from Johnson and Johnson/Ethicon, grants from Clearbridge Biomedics, grants from Illumina, grants from Guardant Health, grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from BMS, outside the submitted work; in addition, EL has a patent P52435GB issued to Imperial Innovations, and a patent P57988GB issued to Imperial Innovations and CI for VIOLET NIHR HTA (13/04/03), CI for MARS 2 NIHR HTA (15/188/31), CI for RAMON NIHR HTA (131306). Founder of My Cancer Companion and Healthcare Companion Ltd. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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汪灏
复旦大学附属中山医院胸外科副主任医师、中山医院科研处临床研究管理科科长,华盛顿大学医学中心(UWMC)访问学者,ESTS会员、EACTS会员、IASLC会员,以第一/通讯作者在JAMA Surgery、JTCVS等杂志发表论文15篇,ATM杂志编委、JTD杂志编委,在AATS、EACTS、ESTS、WCLC、OESO等国际学术会议报告8次,获得ESTS 2014年会青年医师最佳临床报告奖、AATS 2016年度访学奖金、OESO 2017年会优秀报告奖、JACS 2017年会优秀报告奖、2016年上海市科技进步奖二等奖(第2完成人),主持国家自然科学基金2项,获得实用新型专利1项(第1发明人)。(更新时间:2022-02-02)
(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)