Angiopoietin-2: marker or mediator of angiogenesis in continuous-flow left ventricular assist device patients?

Recent advances in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) technology have revolutionized care of patients with end-stage heart failure (HF) both as bridge-to-transplantation and as destination therapy (1,2). Over the last decade, older generation pulsatile-flow LVADs (PF-LVADs) were replaced with new generation continuous-flow LVADs (CF-LVADs) due to their ease of implantation, improved durability, and vastly superior outcomes demonstrated in clinical trials.