What is the optimal first-line treatment for advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer?
Editorial

间变性淋巴瘤激酶重排的晚期非小细胞肺癌最佳的一线治疗是什么?

Ikuo Sekine

Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Correspondence to: Ikuo Sekine, MD, PhD. Professor, Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan. Email: isekine@md.tsukuba.ac.jp.

Provenance: This is an invited Editorial commissioned by the Section Editor Long Jiang (Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China).

Comment on: Soria JC, Tan DS, Chiari R, et al. First-line ceritinib versus platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet 2017;389:917-29.


Submitted Mar 29, 2017. Accepted for publication Apr 10, 2017.

doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.04.43


间变性淋巴瘤激酶(Anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)基因重排作为致癌驱动基因在非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者中的发生率为3-8%[1,2]。这些患者往往比没有驱动基因突变的患者更年轻,没有或有轻度吸烟史。ALK重排的肿瘤通常是腺癌,且通常具有以腺泡为主的结构[3]。一般来说,ALK重排与其他激活突变是互为排斥的,如表皮生长因子受体(Epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和KRAS突变[2]

克唑替尼作为第一个引入临床的ALK-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,在61%的患者中表现出显著的肿瘤治疗效果,并且在之前治疗失败的ALK重排NSCLC患者中的1年存活率可达到75%[4,5]。此外,一项III期临床试验(PROFILE1014)结果显示,与常规铂类加培美曲塞化疗相比克唑替尼的中位无进展生存期(Progression-free survival,PFS)在临床上和统计学上均获得了显著改善[10.9个月(8.3-13.9个月)vs 7.0个月(6.8-8.2个月),风险比(Hazard ratio,HR)为0.45(95%置信区间(Confidence interval,CI),0.35-0.60)][6]。然而,在大多数患者中,肿瘤最终都会因为原发部位体积的增大和转移灶的出现而进展,特别是脑转移作为最常见的进展部位。这种在克唑替尼治疗期间出现的获得性耐药的主要机制,30-50%是因为肿瘤中出现了靶基因的改变(ALK激酶结构域突变和ALK融合基因扩增);大约30-40%是因为肿瘤的旁路被一些基因所激活,它们包括EGFR,KRAS,KIT和胰岛素样生长因子1受体(Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor,IGF1R)[2,7-10]

由于多达50%的对克唑替尼耐药的肿瘤被认为是ALK通路依赖型的,因此已经开发了第二代ALK-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂来增强抗ALK的活性。这些药物在体外实验中有效抑制了具有克唑替尼耐药突变肿瘤细胞的生长(表1[11-14]。色瑞替尼是一种有效的ALK抑制剂,对IGF1R和胰岛素样生长因子1受体也同样具有抑制作用[15]。一项关于色瑞替尼的I期扩大队列研究(ASCEND-1)结果显示,在ALK重排的NSCLC患者中,未经ALK抑制剂治疗过的患者的客观缓解率为72%,而经ALK抑制剂治疗过的患者为56%[16]。一项在已接受过细胞毒性药物化疗并在克唑替尼治疗期间出现疾病进展的患者中进行的II期临床研究(ASCEND-2)结果显示,色瑞替尼的治疗反应率为38.6%[17]。艾乐替尼是另一种治疗对克唑替尼耐药的NSCLC非常有希望的ALK抑制剂。两项关于克唑替尼难治性ALK重排NSCLC患者的II期临床试验结果显示,用艾乐替尼治疗的客观缓解率为48-50%[18,19]。布加替尼(AP26113)对广泛的ALK基因二次突变都有效,其中包括了引起克唑替尼,色瑞替尼和艾乐替尼耐药的G1202R突变(表1)。它还可抑制包括L858R和L858R/T790M突变在内的EGFR的突变[14],且在克唑替尼耐药的NSCLC患者中也具有62%的最高反应率[20]

表1
表1 出现克唑替尼耐药突变后ALK抑制剂的体外敏感性。ALK,间变性淋巴瘤激酶;R,耐药;S,敏感。
Full table

有趣的是,在接受第二代ALK抑制剂的患者中有56%存在ALK耐药突变,而在接受克唑替尼治疗的患者中仅有20%(P=0.0002)。这表明对ALK抑制的不足可能会引起旁路的激活,并导致了肿瘤的治疗困难[9]。因此,在治疗开始时就使用能更全面地抑制ALK的第二代ALK抑制剂对于改善患者的生存可能更为重要。

Soria等人报道了一项在晚期非鳞状ALK重排NSCLC的患者中对比一线使用色瑞替尼与铂类联合培美曲塞化疗的III期临床研究的结果(ASCEND-4)[21]。该研究的主要终点是由不知情的独立审查委员会评估的PFS。这个研究设计时,在假定化疗和色瑞替尼的中位PFS分别为8个月和13个月的情况下,为了排除零假设在单侧2.5%的显着性水平下要达到90%的效力需要205次PFS事件。最终样本量被确定为348名患者,估计招募期为32个月,退出率为15%。实际上该研究最终纳入了376例没有接受过全身抗肿瘤治疗的ALK重排NSCLC患者。他们被随机分配接受色瑞替尼(750 mg /天)治疗(n=189)或静脉注射化疗[顺铂(75 mg/m2)或卡铂(曲线下面积5-6)联合培美曲塞(500mg/ m2),3周/次](n = 186)。结果显示,两种治疗的耐受性均良好; 大多数毒性反应严重程度为1-2级。除了色瑞替尼组中30%患者出现肝功能障碍和化疗组中11%患者出现中性粒细胞减少症外,在不到10%患者中观察到了3-4级毒性反应。独立审查委员会评估的客观缓解率(95%CI)在色瑞替尼组和化疗组分别为72.5%(65.5-78.7%)和26.7%(20.5-33.7%);中位(95%CI)反应持续时间分别为23.9个月(16.6个月-不可估计)和11.1个月(7.8-16.4个月);中位(95%CI)PFS分别为16.6个月(12.6-27.2个月)和8.1个月(5.8-11.1个月),HR为0.55(95%CI,0.42-0.73)。具有不同临床特征的大多数亚组患者都可以从色瑞替尼中获益。在脑转移患者中(n=121),色瑞替尼和化疗组的中位(95%CI)PFS分别为10.7个月(8.1-16.4个月)和6.7个月(4.1-10.6个月),HR为0.70(95%CI,0.44-1.12)。在停用化疗的患者中(n=145),105例(72%)接受了ALK抑制剂治疗,其中80例(55%)接受的是色瑞替尼治疗。该研究的总生存时间数据并不成熟,因为在色瑞替尼组未达到中位总生存时间,而在化疗组为26.2个月,HR为0.73(95%CI,0.50-1.08,P=0.056)。24个月的预估总体生存率(95%CI)在色瑞替尼组为70.6%(62.2-77.5%),在化疗组为58.2%(47.6-67.5%)。这些结果清楚地表明该研究的主要目的已经达到了。

在一项III期临床试验中也将艾乐替尼作为一线治疗与克唑替尼进行了比较(J-ALEX)[22]。该研究共纳入了207名晚期ALK重排NSCLC患者,他们被随机分为艾乐替尼组:艾乐替尼 300mg 两次/日,和克唑替尼组:克唑替尼 250mg 两次/日,直至疾病进展或出现不可耐受的毒性反应。结果显示,客观缓解率(95%CI)在艾乐替尼和克唑替尼两组中分别为91.6%(85.6-97.5%)和78.9%(70.5-87.3%)。该研究的主要终点——中位(95%CI)PFS在艾乐替尼组还未达到(20.3个月-不可估计),在克唑替尼组为10.2个月(8.2-12.0个月),HR为0.34(99%CI,0.17-0.71)。除了在亚洲(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier,NCT02075840)和中国,韩国和泰国(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier,NCT02838420)外,还有两项设计相同的III期临床试验正在进行中。

这些对克唑替尼,色瑞替尼和艾乐替尼进行评估的III期临床试验结果显示,在接受化疗或克唑替尼治疗后的患者仍可获得稳定的中位PFS,分别约为7-8个月和10-11个月。与这些疗效数据相比,第二代ALK抑制剂具有非常好的前景,其中位PFS超过了16个月(表2[6,21,22]。此外,一项在没有接受任何ALK抑制剂治疗过的ALK重排晚期NSCLC患者中进行的布加替尼与克唑替尼对比的III期临床试验(ALTA-1L)正在进行中(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier,NCT02737501)。由此可见,对这些第二代ALK抑制剂进行比较研究可能是很有必要的。

表2
表2 ALK抑制剂作为一线用药的III期临床试验汇总。ALK,间变性淋巴瘤激酶;CI,置信区间;PFS,无进展生存期。
Full table

虽然总生存时间是对于一种新的抗肿瘤药物来说是一个非常重要的指标,但在这种情况下评估一线药物与总生存时间之间的关系是非常困难的。与一线治疗后的PFS相比,进展后的生存时间可能与总生存时间更接近[23]。然而,由于受到二线或后期治疗中使用的多种药物以及在临床实践中所使用的支持治疗的影响,因此进展后的治疗方案难以在治疗组之间保持平衡。越来越多的证据表明,进展后抗癌药物的选择应基于肿瘤再活检的结果[24]。液体活检的发展将有助于在临床实践中实现这一策略。


Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.


Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: Honoraria—Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Novartis Pharma, and Pfizer.


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(译者:冷雪峰,电子科技大学医学院附属肿瘤医院;校对:杜小军,贵州医科大学附属医院)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

Cite this article as: Sekine I. What is the optimal first-line treatment for advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer? J Thorac Dis 2017;9(5):E447-E450. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.04.43

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